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‘MR. OCEAN LINER” – Bill Miller

Cruising The Past salutes: ‘MR. OCEAN LINER” – Author and lecturer – William “Bill” Miller


Preview of new documentary on Bill Miller.


Bill Miller interviewed on NBC News in connection with the recent New York Normandie exhibit.

Bill Miller is probably the major living authority on the subject of ocean liners & cruise ships.

Miller has written some 60 books on maritime history and the “Golden Age” of ocean liners and the modern cruise industry: In all, he has written over 1,000 articles for newspapers, magazines, journals and maritime newsletters, and publishes his own quarterly, the Millergram. He has made 275 or so voyages to date: crossings, cruises, coastal runs and even trips on container cargo ships and tropic banana boats. He has appeared in over two dozen video and television series including Castles of the Sea, The Floating Palaces, The Superliners, Inside the World of a Cruise Ship, Sea Disasters and Deco: Age of Glamour. He has been guest lecturer aboard 50 different liners, sailing with likes of Celebrity, Azamara, Carnival, Cunard, Crystal, Holland America, Princess and Radisson-Seven Seas cruise lines.

A native of Hoboken, New Jersey, the once busy port just across the Hudson from new York City, Miller was named the outstanding American maritime scholar in 1994. He was chairman of the Port of New York Branch of the World Ship Society, served on the selection committee for the American Maritime Hall of Fame, Created the passenger ship database for the Ellis Island Museum and currently serves as adjunct curator for ocean liner studies at New York City’s South Street Seaport Museum. He organized a 14-week college course on ocean liners, helped create the US Merchant Marine Museum and has written commissioning books for three new cruise ships. His private collection includes 3,000 books on ships, over 12,000 photos and some 750 miniature ocean liner models.

He spends a good deal of time at sea lecturing on all facets of maritime history and the great liner. Join him on a cruise by checking out his website – click here.

Here are a few of Bill Miller’s great books on liners of the past. Including his most recent and upcoming editions.

SS FRANCE – SS NORWAY. Completed in the early 1960s, the France was the last of the great French Line passenger ships on the celebrated run to and from New York. She was not only the national flagship, but the longest liner yet built, and a ship with fantastic interiors, superb service, and the most exquisite food. Highly successful, she did lose out in the end to the unsurpassable speed of jet aircraft, was laid-up, and lingered for five years before becoming a hugely successful cruise ship. In 1979–80, the indoor France was converted to the outdoor Norway.

She became the largest cruise ship in the world, an innovator, a great prelude to today’s mega-liners. She endured until 2005 and has since ended her days at the hands of scrappers in far-off India. Indeed, she was one of the greatest, grandest, most beloved of all 20th-century ocean liners.

THE LAST ATLANTIC LINERS. Profusely illustrated with color and black and white illustrations. Author’s last book was Book of the Month with Ships Monthly.The Author’s 80th book.The decade from 1950 to 1960 was the Golden Age of ocean liner travel. Airliners had yet to make an impact on the transatlantic run, the ships were as glamorous as they had ever been, they were faster than they had ever been – but it was all to end rather abruptly with the advent of the Boeing 707 and the eight hour transatlantic crossing by air. From 1960 onwards, ocean liner travel was in serious decline, a downward spiral that would only have one outcome – the death of sea travel on the Atlantic.

William H. Miller tells the story in words and pictures of this decline and how it affected the liner companies. While we all think of Cunard and the French Line as the main companies on the Atlantic, ships of Holland America, United States Lines, Norwegian American Line, Swedish Amerika Line, as well as the Italian Line and Hamburg Amerika.

SS NIEUW AMSTERDAM – THE DARLING OF THE DUTCH. Entering service in 1938, the Nieuw Amsterdam was the Holland America Line flagship until the construction of the Rotterdam in the late 1950s. Her pre-war life was short and she was used as a troopship during the Second World War, carrying many thousands of Allied troops to all corners of the world. Of 36,000 tons, she was the largest vessel built in Rotterdam and was launched by Queen Wilhelmina in April 1937.

A perennial favorite of the Dutch and their finest Ship of State, Nieuw Amsterdam remained in Holland America Line service until 1974, the last ship to retain the Holland America Line’s familiar green, yellow and white funnels. Despite boiler problems in 1967, she was refitted with US Navy-surplus boilers and sailed on, cruising, until withdrawn from service in 1974. Sailing to the breakers, the Art Deco ‘Darling of the Dutch’, as she was affectionately known, was broken up.

All books can be ordered from Amazon. Click here for full information.

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The AORANGI – Trans-Pacific ocean liner operating from Australia and New Zealand to Vancouver during the 1930s into the early 1950s.

Cruise and Liner History: The Aorangi was a 600-foot passenger liner built in 1924 by the Union Steamship Co. of New Zealand for service between Canada and Australia. But she went into service in troubled times for the world, and consequently got caught up in the midst of the worst hours of World War II.

The AORANGI – Trans- Pacific ocean liner operating from Australia and New Zealand to Vancouver – 1930s into the 1950s.

Even though this vessel was utilized as a troop ship, a supply ship, a hospital ship and even an escape vehicle for hundreds of civilians fleeing the war, the Aorangi miraculously emerged from the war unscathed and met its end in a scrap yard.

The grand salon.

Entering Vancouver on her maiden voyage.

The vessel’s early years were spent doing exactly what she was designed to do. She made regular trips from Vancouver, British Columbia to Sydney, Australia, with stops at Honolulu, Suva, Auckland and Wellington. The Aorangi boasted accommodations for 440 first class, 300 second class and 230 third class passengers. She had a typical liner’s profile with two masts and two funnels. She was powered by four propellers and reached a speed of 18.5 knots.

World civil unrest brought the liner in peril beginning in October, 1940, when it was utilized to send troops from New Zealand to Fiji. Then, in the summer of 1941, with the war raging in Europe, Aorangi was requisitioned by the British Ministry of War Transport and steamed from Sydney to the United Kingdom for war duty. After conversion for service as a troop ship, she joined a convoy of large liners carrying troops and supplies for the near east. She carried troops to India, the Middle East and also brought US and Canadian troops to Europe during the war, always escaping the terror of the German U-Boats and bombers from the sky.

In January, 1942, when the Japanese invasion of Malaya was occurring, Aorangi was sent to Singapore which was already under heavy attack by Japanese aircraft. The liner successfully got into Singapore harbor and escaped with her decks laden with hundreds of women and children, carrying them successfully to safety in Australia.

During the Normandy Invasion, Aorangi was there as well. She was by then serving as a depot ship for a fleet of about 150 tugs and auxiliary ships, supplying them with food, water, ammunition, engine parts and relief crews. She also served as a hospital ship and provided medical supplies.

From D-Day, which occurred on June 6, 1944, until the end of July, the Aorangi serviced 1,200 vessels and countless other small craft. Her hospital took in wounded men from the beachheads.

After this, the liner was converted and to serve as the commodore ship and joined the British Pacific Fleet at Hong Kong. After the Japanese surrender, she remained at Hong Kong as an accommodation ship for men released from war service and waiting to go home.

It was estimated that during the war years, this ship transported 36,000 troops and evacuated 5,500 refugees from war zones.

After the war, the Aorangi was returned to her owners and restored as a liner. It went back into service in 1948, but was then plagued by union problems among the stewards and seamen. Because of demands for higher wages, the liner operated at a loss.

She continued to operate with the help of subsidies by the Australian, New Zealand and Canadian governments until June, 1953. The liner was retired that summer, taken to Scotland and scrapped.

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The world’s greatest ship disaster: Not the RMS Titanic but the S.S. Cap Arcona.

Liner and Cruise History: The world’s greatest ship disaster: Not the RMS Titanic but the S.S. Cap Arcona.  Concentration Camp, Death March, Death at Sea by the hands of the Allies.

Contrary to general belief the world’s greatest ship disaster did not occur in the Atlantic Ocean and the ship was not the RMS Titanic. The greatest ship disaster occurred on 3 May 1945 in Lübeck Bay in the Baltic Sea and the ship was the Cap Arcona.

The ships were involved: the Cap Arcona (above), the Thielbek and the Athen.

(Left: Cap Arcona after the RAF attack; 4,500 concentration camp victims were killed by the Allies) - There are several versions of what happened and why the RAF sunk the ship: (1) One version of the story is that the boarding of the prisoners with the knowledge that the ships would be attacked by Allied aircraft was a cynical trick by the German police authorities to have the prisoners killed. (2)  Another version is that Count Folke Bernadotte, the Vice President of the International Red Cross had arranged for the transfer of prisoners to Swedish hospitals and that this was the purpose of the Cap Arcona’s last tragic voyage. Such transfers had previously taken place. (3)  To this day, the responsibility of the German and British participants in the tragedy near Neustadt have not been judicially examined since the circumstances are not entirely clear. It is said that Red Cross radio operators attempted to warn the English against attacking the ships and to have notified them of the true situation on board. (4) The last word is that the RAF has sealed all records connected with the attack on the Cap Arcona until 2045.  Why?

The ships were rocketed and bombed by Royal Air Force Typhoons of 263 squadron from Ahlhorn, 197 squadron from Celle and 198 squadron from Plantlünne.

The 27,571 register ton Cap Arcona was the most beautiful of the Hamburg-Süd fleet of liners. It was a slender, twin propeller, three funneled luxury liner. She was built in the Hamburg Blohm and Voss shipyard and launched on 14 May 1927. She had sailed between Hamburg and Rio de Janeiro for a period of twelve years when on 25 August 1939 she was commandeered for war service. Following the invasion of Poland she was docked at the Gdynia quay from 29 November 1939 to 31 January 1945 as floating accommodation. In the face of advancing Russian troops she was used to transport civilians, Nazi personnel and soldiers from Gdynia to Copenhagen. Her turbines became worn out during her last journey from Gdynia to Copenhagen. She was put into a shipyard where her engines were overhauled enabling her to return to Germany. When she dropped anchor in Lübeck Bay on 14 April 1945 she was no longer maneuverable. She was no longer of any use to the navy and was returned to the Hamburg-Süd line.

Photos of the S.S. Cap Arcona during the glory days of her liner services – late 1920s through the start of WW2.

The Thielbek was a 2,815 register ton freighter. She was hit by several bombs during the air-raid on the river Elbe in the summer of 1944. The damage was being repaired in the Lübecker Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft shipyard when she was commandeered by Hamburg Gauleiter, Karl Kaufmann, now additionally Commissioner for Defense of North Germany and Reich Commissioner for Merchant Shipping, and commanded to sail for Lübeck before the repairs were completed. She was taken to the Lübeck industrial harbor. The Athen was also moved to the industrial harbor in Lübeck being damaged but able to sail.

The Germans had concentrated ships in the Baltic Sea as transport for the defeated German army fleeing westward from the advancing Russians army. The Cap Arcona and Thielbek were anchored in Lübeck Bay offshore west of Neustadt. The Athen was fortunately in Neustadt harbour. They had been commandeered to take concentration camp prisoners on board with the intention of sinking the ships and murdering the prisoners. The prisoners were from Neuengamme concentration camp, Stutthof concentration camp and Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp. There were 4,500 prisoners on board the Cap Arcona, 2,800 prisoners on board the Thielbek, and 1,998 prisoners on board the Athen. 350 were rescued from the Cap Arcona, 50 were rescued from the Thielbek and all the 1,998 prisoners from the Athen survived.

A total of 7,500 people were killed in the air-raid.

The British who were seen as potential rescuers by the concentration camp prisoners turned out to be their murderers.

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Cruise and Liner History: The Cunard Line’s RMS QUEEN ELIZABETH 1947

Cruise and Liner History: The Cunard Line’s RMS QUEEN ELIZABETH 1947

Cruising The Past and Cruise History aboard the RMS QUEEN ELIZABETH: Enjoy 8MM travel footage from the fabulous website shipgeek.com as viewed on YOUTUBE. Deck scenes aboard CUNARD LINE’S RMS QUEEN ELIZABETH in 1947, accompanied by Ray Noble and his Orchestra! Home movies of another era. When “Getting There Was Half The Fun!”

Click on the following to see YOUTUBE video of the RMS QUEEN ELIZABETH:

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Marvels Of The Roaring Twenties

Social History: The World changed with Talking Pictures…


Great Video celebrating the changes that won’t stop – starting with Talking Picture…

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Vinatage Railroad Ads from 1930s to 1950s

Pullman and Social History:

Vintage Railroad Ads – 1930s to 1950s

Pullman, the Super Chief, Southern Pacific, the Chief and the 20th Century Limited.

1930s: Go Pullman overnight for $4.75…

1950s : The Shasta Daylight on the friendly Southern Pacific…

See more of the great ads by clicking on the following link…

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THE S.S. PORTLAND STARTED THE ALASKA GOLD RUSH!

Cruise and Social History: The S.S. PORTLAND started the Alaska Gold Rush!

On July 17, 1897, the steamship Portland arrived in Seattle from Alaska with 68 miners and a cargo of “more than a ton of solid gold” from the banks of the Klondike River in Canada’s Yukon Territory. This set off a rush to Alaska and an era of prosperity in King County that lasted for more than a decade

(Left: Seattle residents woke to the sound of newspaper boys hawking an extra edition of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer with headlines of GOLD)

The article began, “At 3 o’clock this morning the steamer Portland from St. Michael [Alaska] for Seattle, passed up the Sound with more than a ton of solid gold aboard.” The Post-Intelligencer scooped the other Seattle newspapers when its reporter, Beriah Brown Jr., took a tug from Seattle to the Strait of Juan de Fuca and waited for the Portland to pass by. Brown was the son of Beriah Brown (1815-1900), a former P-I editor and Seattle mayor.

The tug, Sea Lion, met the Portland off Cape Flattery, and Brown embarked the inbound steamer and interviewed some of the gold miners. Then the tug headed full speed to Port Townsend. Brown ran to the telegraph operator’s home and roused him and wired the story to the Post-Intelligencer: “A ton of gold is coming to Seattle.”

The Post Intelligencer issued the extra edition before the Portland docked. The news spread fast and by 6 a.m. a crowd of more than 5,000 greeted the Portland when she tied up to Schwabacher Wharf.

The famous “Ton of Gold” that started the Alaska Gold Rush was unloaded here in 1897. The S.S. Portland landed the valuable cargo at this pier ten known as Aschwabacher dock.
Erected National Maritime Day 1957

Among the Portland’s passengers were:

William Stanley, a former Seattle bookseller, and his son, who went to the Yukon valley in 1896 and returned with from $90,000 to $112,000 in gold dust and nuggets;

Frank Phiscator from Baroda, Michigan, who spent just three months in Alaska and disembarked the Portland with from $96,000 to $120,000 in gold;

T. J. Kelly, a Tacoma resident, who returned from the Klondike with $10,000 in gold;

Clarence Berry, a Fresno, California, fruit farmer and his wife, who unloaded off the Portland about $135,000 in gold dust and nuggets.

After all the gold was weighed the Post-Intelligencer’s one-ton estimate turned out to be too low. The actual amount unloaded from the Portland was two tons.

People were immediately infected with Klondike Fever. By 9:30 a.m. the city’s downtown streets were so crowded with people that some streetcars were forced to stop running. Seattle Times reporters, longshoremen, and others quit their jobs on the spot and looked for passage to Alaska.

William D. Wood (1858-1917), mayor of Seattle, who was attending a convention in San Francisco, telegraphed his resignation and headed to Alaska without even stopping in Seattle.

Local merchants quickly sold out of miners’ supplies.

The fever spread across the United States quicker than any virus.

Within 24 hours, 2,000 New York residents attempted to buy tickets for the Klondike, unsuccessfully because the locals had already bought them. Within 10 days, 1,500 persons departed Seattle for the gold fields.

The rush was on.

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RMS CHUSAN – P&O’s “HAPPY SHIP” TO THE FAR EAST

Young boy waiting for the Chusan to be docked in Colon.

The RMS Chusan was a British ocean liner and cruise ship, built for the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O)’s Indian and Far East Service in 1950.


Home movies of the RMS Chusan from 1968 to 1970. Films of crew and passengers. Shots aboard ship and ashore. Covering USA, India, Orient, etc. A brief glimpse of the RMS Canberra.

(Left: Cover of Chusan deck plan) RMS Chusan was named after a small island off China. She was known as the “Happy Ship”!

A smaller version of the RMS Himalaya, the Chusan had a gross register tonnage of approximately 24,215; and a capacity of 1,565 passengers (455 first class, 517 tours class) and a 577 member crew.

She was built as a replacement for the ship RMS Viceroy of India, lost in the Second World War.

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ALBERT BALLIN – Inventor and father of the pleasure cruise.

ALBERT BALLIN – Inventor and father of the pleasure cruise.  Liner and Cruise Ship History – Today’s mass-market cruise industry got its start in the 19th century by Albert Ballin.

SS Albert Ballin was an ocean liner of the Hamburg-America Line launched in 1923 and named after Albert Ballin, visionary director of the line who had killed himself in despair several years earlier after the Kaiser’s abdication and Germany’s defeat in WW 2.  In 1935 the new Nazi government ordered the ship renamed to Hansa (Ballin having been Jewish).

Albert Ballin – Inventor of the pleasure cruise and ship operator for the Kaiser

The German shipping magnate Albert Ballin was responsible for turning Germany into a world leader in ocean travel prior to World War I. It was Ballin who also invented the pleasure cruise in 1891.

(Left: Albert Ballin) Born in Hamburg on 15 August 1857, Albert Ballin was destined to become a pioneer in making ocean travel a more pleasant, even luxurious experience. As a Jew, for most of his life he would walk a fine line between social acceptance and scorn. But the “Kaiser’s Jew” long enjoyed financial and political prominence before falling out of favor and being branded a traitor to Germany as the First World War and his own life drew to their bitter end in 1918. Born in a poor section of Hamburg, Ballin (pronounced BALL-EEN) had achieved greatness and strongly influenced the passenger ship industry by the time he took his own life at the age of 61.

A decade before Albert Ballin’s birth, the company he would later head, the Hamburg-Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Actien-Gesellschaft (Hapag) had been founded on 27 May 1847, with the goal of operating a faster, more reliable liner service between Hamburg and North America, using the finest sailing ships. At that time a “fast” east-to-west Atlantic crossing took about 40 sailing days. The return voyage, with favorable west winds, required “only” 28 days.

(LEFT: This German postage stamp was issued in 1957 for the 100th anniversary of Albert Ballin’s birth in Hamburg.)  A “packet ship” gets its name from the time when ships were employed to carry mail packets to and from British embassies, colonies and outposts. The term “packet service” later came to mean any regular, scheduled service, carrying freight and passengers – such as the Hamburg-American Packet Company (Hapag).

Nevertheless, there was stiff competition for passengers on the North Altlantic route. Internationally, shipping lines in Britain and Prussia (after 1871) fought to attract passengers, but there was also competition within Germany itself between the port cities of Bremen (Bremerhaven) and Hamburg. In 1856 Hapag, under its first director, Adolph Godeffroy, put its first steamship, the Borussia, into service, becoming the first German shipping firm to do so. As time went by, coal-powered steamships would cut the travel time between Hamburg and New York down to just six or seven days.

From Morris & Co. to Hapag

Albert Ballin got his start in Hamburg at the age of 17 when his father died in 1874 and he took over the family’s ship passenger booking service, known as Morris & Co. At first he shared that job with his older brother, but when Joseph left to become a stockbroker in 1877, Albert became the sole operator and soon turned the slumbering operation into a thriving enterprise that eventually drew the attention of the major shipping lines.

BallinStadt: “BallinCity” was the name given to the complex that Hapag built in 1907 to better house and protect impoverished emigrants before their voyage to the New World aboard its ships (in steerage). But Albert Ballin also had very practical motives for his generosity.

In 1881 Ballin teamed up with shipowner Edward Carr to get more directly involved in the passenger trade – and avoid sharing fees with other shipping firms. By 1886, Carr and his partner, cousin Robert M. Sloman, had a fleet of five ships in their Union Line. They cut costs by using converted freighters that offered no luxury but far more space for passengers in steerage class. Working with Ballin, they began to drive down the price of a North Atlantic crossing and put pressure on the larger shipping lines.

Soon the cost of a ticket for an Atlantic voyage in steerage had fallen to just six dollars. Hapag and the other major lines were now losing money in an ongoing rate war. In 1886 a shareholders’ revolt led to a major shakeup at Hapag that resulted in Ballin being hired to head the company’s passenger division. Only two years later, Ballin was made a member of the Hapag board of directors.

The Augusta Viktoria had her maiden voyage for Hapag in 1889. Two years later she embarked on the world’s very first Med cruise (in January 1891).

From Steerage to Luxury

Although Albert Ballin came from a humble backgound and had achieved his initial success by catering to steerage passengers (Zwischendeckpassagiere), the next stage of his business rise would come from his revolutionary view that a sea voyage should be more a pleasure cruise than a test of one’s endurance. While his competitors became obsessed with speed and winning Blue Ribands for the shortest Atlantic crossing times, Ballin used luxurious accommodations to attract a wealthier clientele. In the process, he would also invent the sea cruise.

The Prinzessin Viktoria Luise was the world’s first ship built specifically for pleasure cruising. Named for Kaiser Wilhelm’s daughter, the 407-foot-long vessel – here seen on a Hamburg-Amerika postcard – was launched on June 29, 1900.

Having enjoyed his stays in luxury hotels in Paris, London and elsewhere, Ballin sought to recreate a similar atmosphere aboard Hapag’s ships. Although his luxury liners still had space for low-cost steerage passengers, the upper decks were designed to rival the palatial homes and hotels that more aristocratic, wealthy passengers were accustomed to.

Ballin was also a pioneer in the technical realm. Hapag was the first German line to put twin-screw ships into service – at a time when the technology was still considered unproven. This gave Hapag’s ships not only more speed but better stability and safety. When its Bremen competitor NDL failed to do the same, Hapag had a distinct advantage for many years.

Ballin Invents the Pleasure Cruise

The world’s first pleasure cruise departed Cuxhaven, Germany on 22 January 1891. Aboard the luxury steamship Augusta Victoria were 241 passengers, including cruise host Albert Ballin and his wife Marianne. This first-ever “Med cruise” lasted 57 days, 11 hours and three minutes. Ballin’s guests enjoyed first-class cabins. There was also first-class cuisine to match and a daily newspaper printed on board. The cruise called at over a dozen ports, complete with shore excursions, beginning with Southampton, then sailing through the Strait of Gibraltar. The Mediterranean ports of call included Genoa, Alexandria, Jaffa, Beirut, Constantinople (now Instanbul), Athens, Malta, Naples and Lisbon. When the Augusta Victoria returned home after its two-month voyage, the cruise was judged a great success. Every year since then (except for periods of war), Hapag and other lines have offered similar cruises. Such ocean cruises to exotic places are considered normal today, but that was a pioneering idea in 1891.

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SS CONTE BIANCAMANO – Italian Line History

SS CONTE BIANCAMANO

The SS Conte Biancamano (Italian for “White Hand”) was a Lloyd Sabaudo Line ocean liner built in 1925 by William Beardmore and Company in Glasgow, Scotland, to service the transatlantic passenger line between Genoa and Naples, Italy, and New York City.

Her maiden voyage was a destined for the United States.

After being acquired by the Italian Line in 1932, she was transferred to the South America service. In 1934, she served as a troopship for the Italian Navy in over ten voyages to East Africa. She later entered into the Far East service of Lloyd Triestino (also chartered by Italian Line), in 1936.

1926: Mr. and Mrs. Robert Goelet, two of America’s real leaders of real society sailing for Europe on the S.S. Conte Biancamano.

During World War II, in 1941, she was captured by the United States in Cristóbal and was used as an American troopship — renamed USS|Hermitage|AP-54 — capable of holding up to 7000 people and transporting them to both the Atlantic and Pacific fronts. After the war, in 1947, she was returned to the Italian Line and returned to the name of Conte Biancamano.

She became the first passenger ship to be refurbished in post-war Italy, setting the guidelines for future refurbishments of other ships, which would then form Italy’s renovated merchant fleet. After renovation, she was reintroduced into service along the North and South American routes. In 1961, she began a three-year process of being stripped and reassembled for the Milan National Museum of Science and Technology’s Air and Sea Transport Building, which was under construction at the time.

CLICK ON THIS YOU TUBE VIDEO: We see two bon voyage parties aboard the ITALIAN LINE’S SS CONTE BIANCAMANO. IN 1920 and 1950. Could it be the same people? You decide!

1926 – Italy’s largest delegation of World War veterans of Italian birth who fought in the U.S. Army to return under new immigration bureau provisions brought about by Hearst Papers. They arrived on the S.S. Conte Biancamano in Tourist Class.

CRUISE HISTORY: Launched in April 23, 1925, the SS Conte Biancamano made her maiden voyage in November from Genoa to New York. She was intended primarily to customers of luxury. In 1934, she was used for military purposes, carrying troops in preparation for the war in Ethiopia. In 1936, she returned to passenger service.

First Class aboard the elegant ship poolside.

At the start of the Second World War, she was seized and converted into a troop transport and commissioned into the United States Navy as USS Hermitage (AP-54) in 1942. During her service with the U.S. Navy, she traveled over 230,000 miles and carried 129,695 soldiers from different nations.

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